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a matter of principle is involved

  • 1 principle

    პრინციპი; საფუძველი
    in principle I agree with you პრინციპში, გეთანხმები

    English-Georgian dictionary > principle

  • 2 involve

    transitive verb
    1) (implicate) verwickeln
    2) (draw in as a participant)

    involve somebody in a game/fight — jemanden an einem Spiel beteiligen/in eine Schlägerei [mit] hineinziehen

    become or get involved in a fight — in eine Schlägerei verwickelt werden

    be involved in a project — (employed) an einem Projekt mitarbeiten

    get involved with somebody — sich mit jemandem einlassen; (sexually, emotionally) eine Beziehung mit jemandem anfangen

    3) (include) enthalten; (contain implicitly) beinhalten
    4) (be necessarily accompanied by) mit sich bringen; (require as accompaniment) erfordern; (cause, mean) bedeuten
    * * *
    [in'volv]
    1) (to require; to bring as a result: His job involves a lot of travelling.) einschließen
    2) ((often with in or with) to cause to take part in or to be mixed up in: He has always been involved in/with the theatre; Don't ask my advice - I don't want to be/get involved.) verwickeln
    •
    - academic.ru/39201/involved">involved
    - involvement
    * * *
    in·volve
    [ɪnˈvɒlv, AM -ˈvɑ:lv]
    vt
    1.
    ▪ to \involve sth (include) etw beinhalten; (encompass) etw umfassen; (entail) etw mit sich bringen, etw zur Folge haben; (mean) etw bedeuten
    criminal law \involves acts which are harmful to society das Strafrecht beschäftigt sich mit Handlungen, die sich gegen die Gesellschaft richten
    what does the work \involve? worin besteht die Arbeit?
    the operation \involves putting a tube into the heart während der Operation wird ein Röhrchen ins Herz eingeführt
    ▪ to \involve sb/sth jdn/etw betreffen
    that doesn't \involve her sie hat damit nichts zu tun
    this incident \involves us all dieser Zwischenfall geht uns alle an [o betrifft uns alle]
    the person \involved die betreffende Person
    3. (feature)
    ▪ sth \involves sb/sth jd/etw ist an etw dat beteiligt
    the accident \involved two cars an dem Unfall waren zwei Fahrzeuge beteiligt
    the crime \involved a drug dealing gang an dem Verbrechen war eine Drogenhändlerbande beteiligt
    the crime \involved two schoolgirls [as victims] zwei Schulmädchen wurden Opfer dieses Verbrechens
    ▪ to \involve sb in sth jdn an etw dat beteiligen; (unwillingly) jdn in etw akk verwickeln [o hineinziehen]
    to \involve sb in a discussion jdn an einer Diskussion beteiligen
    to \involve sb in expense jdm Kosten verursachen
    to get \involved in sth in etw akk verwickelt [o hineingezogen] werden
    I don't want to get \involved ich will damit nichts zu tun haben
    ▪ to \involve sb in doing sth:
    they \involved the staff in designing the packaging sie ließen die Belegschaft am Entwurf der Verpackung mitwirken
    you should \involve the kids more in cooking du solltest die Kinder mehr mitkochen lassen
    ▪ to \involve oneself in sth sich akk in etw dat engagieren
    he's become very \involved in the community er engagiert sich sehr in der Gemeinde
    to \involve oneself in local politics sich akk kommunalpolitisch [o in der Kommunalpolitik] engagieren
    ▪ to be \involved in sth (be busy with) mit etw dat zu tun haben, mit etw dat beschäftigt sein; (be engrossed) von etw dat gefesselt sein
    ▪ to be \involved with sb (have to do with) mit jdm zu tun haben; (relationship) mit jdm eine Beziehung haben; (affair) mit jdm ein Verhältnis haben
    * * *
    [ɪn'vɒlv]
    vt
    1) (= entangle) verwickeln (sb in sth jdn in etw acc); (= include) beteiligen (sb in sth jdn an etw dat); (= concern) betreffen

    to get involved in sth — in etw (acc) verwickelt werden; in quarrel, crime etc also in etw (acc) hineingezogen werden

    I didn't want to get involved — ich wollte damit/mit ihm etc nichts zu tun haben

    I didn't want to get too involved — ich wollte mich nicht zu sehr engagieren

    a matter of principle is involved — es ist eine Frage des Prinzips, es geht ums Prinzip

    to be/get involved with sth — etwas mit etw zu tun haben

    to be involved with sb — mit jdm zu tun haben; (sexually) mit jdm ein Verhältnis haben

    he's very involved with her —

    to get involved with sb — mit jdm Kontakt bekommen, sich mit jdm einlassen (pej)

    2) (= entail) mit sich bringen, zur Folge haben; (= encompass) umfassen; (= mean) bedeuten

    what does the job involve? —

    this problem involves many separate issues to involve considerable expense/a lot of hard work — dieses Problem umfasst viele verschiedene Punkte or schließt viele verschiedene Punkte ein beträchtliche Kosten/viel Arbeit mit sich bringen or zur Folge haben

    such a project involves considerable planning — zu so einem Projekt gehört eine umfangreiche Planung

    he doesn't understand what's involved in this sort of work — er weiß nicht, worum es bei dieser Arbeit geht

    do you realize what's involved in raising a family? — weißt du denn, was es bedeutet, eine Familie großzuziehen?

    about £1,000 was involved — es ging dabei um etwa £ 1.000

    it would involve moving to Germany — das würde bedeuten, nach Deutschland umzuziehen

    finding the oil involved the use of a special drill — um das Öl zu finden, brauchte man einen Spezialbohrer

    * * *
    involve [ınˈvɒlv; US ınˈvɑlv] v/t
    1. a) jemanden verwickeln, hineinziehen ( beide:
    in in akk):
    I don’t want to get involved ich will damit nichts zu tun haben;
    involved in an accident in einen Unfall verwickelt, an einem Unfall beteiligt;
    involved in debt verschuldet;
    be completely involved in one’s work von seiner Arbeit völlig in Anspruch genommen sein
    b) jemanden, etwas angehen, berühren, betreffen:
    the persons involved die Betroffenen;
    we are all involved (in this case) es (dieser Fall) geht uns alle an, wir sind alle davon (von diesem Fall) betroffen;
    feel personally involved sich persönlich betroffen fühlen;
    the national prestige was involved das nationale Prestige stand auf dem Spiel;
    a question of principle is involved es geht um eine prinzipielle Frage
    c) etwas in Mitleidenschaft ziehen:
    a) zu tun haben mit jemandem, etwas,
    b) enge Beziehungen haben zu jemandem:
    get involved with sb mit jemandem engen Kontakt bekommen, pej sich mit jemandem einlassen;
    involve o.s. in sich einsetzen oder engagieren für
    3. a) mit sich bringen, zur Folge haben, nach sich ziehen
    b) verbunden sein mit:
    the expense involved die damit verbundenen Kosten
    c) erfordern, nötig machen:
    taking the job would involve living abroad wenn ich die Stelle annehme, müsste ich im Ausland leben
    d) umfassen, einschließen
    4. etwas verwirren, komplizieren:
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (implicate) verwickeln

    involve somebody in a game/fight — jemanden an einem Spiel beteiligen/in eine Schlägerei [mit] hineinziehen

    become or get involved in a fight — in eine Schlägerei verwickelt werden

    be involved in a project — (employed) an einem Projekt mitarbeiten

    get involved with somebody — sich mit jemandem einlassen; (sexually, emotionally) eine Beziehung mit jemandem anfangen

    3) (include) enthalten; (contain implicitly) beinhalten
    4) (be necessarily accompanied by) mit sich bringen; (require as accompaniment) erfordern; (cause, mean) bedeuten
    * * *
    (in, with) v.
    angehen v.
    beteiligen (an) v.
    betreffen v. (to be a matter of) v.
    gehen um ausdr.
    sich drehen um ausdr.
    sich handeln um ausdr. v.
    bedeuten v.
    einschließen v.
    erfordern v.
    etwas komplizieren ausdr.
    hineinziehen v.
    involvieren v.
    mit sich bringen ausdr.
    nach sich ziehen ausdr.
    nötig machen ausdr.
    umfassen v.
    verbunden sein mit ausdr.
    verwickeln v.
    verwirren v.
    zum Gegenstand haben ausdr.
    zur Folge haben ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > involve

  • 3 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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